US: After decades of massive prison growth, America may be ending its love affair with incarceration. Policymakers around the country, some of whom previously supported ratcheting up punishments, have begun to rethink the wisdom of unbridled prison expansion, and are advocating alternatives to simply "locking them up and throwing away the key."But if our country is truly to move away from its expensive and ineffective criminal justice policies, a balanced approach needs to become the rule, rather than the exception.
It is difficult to overstate the massive increase in the number of prisoners in the United States over the past two decades.
In 1989, America's prison and jail population topped 1 million inmates, [prisoners], for the first time in our history. Twelve years later, the number of inmates, [prisoners], had reached 2 million. By 2001, 5.6 million Americans were either in prison or had served prison time -- more than the populations of 28 states or the District of Columbia.
The world's most celebrated democracy [? war mongers] began the new millennium with the world's highest incarceration rate.
A STRUGGLE ON TWO FRONTS: PRISONS & IMPERIALIST WAR
In the face of such daunting data, however, there is the beginning of a welcome trend -- born out of a combination of fiscal crises, changing attitudes about crime and research about the benefits of treatment over incarceration -- toward a more balanced approach to crime.
According to a report by Judith Greene published by Families Against Mandatory Minimums, 25 states have abolished mandatory sentencing laws, accelerated parole, increased time off for good behavior, diverted prisoners into treatment or otherwise curbed the unnecessary use of incarceration. (Families Against Mandatory Minimums is a sentencing reform group made up of prisoner families.)
More than a dozen states have reduced their prison populations since 2000; 10 have closed one or more prisons, and two others, including Maryland, have announced their intention to do so. Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Texas and Washington have reformed sentencing practices to divert nonviolent offenders from prison into treatment. Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan and North Dakota have either abolished or narrowed their mandatory sentencing laws.
The crack in the incarceration dam comes, in part, in response to the largest state budget shortfalls since World War II. In the past three years alone, states have faced a combined $200 billion in budget gaps. Meanwhile, prisons now consume a larger portion of the state budget pie -- $35 billion annually in 1999, up from $17 billion in 1990 -- rendering them a bigger target for budget cutters. From 1985 to 2000, prison budgets grew at six times the rate of higher education budgets.
But it would be a mistake to conclude that deficits are the only factor driving this trend. State budgets have seen their share of ups and downs over the past 30 years, but prison budgets have grown relentlessly, in good times and bad, since 1972. During the recession of the late 1980s and early 1990s, state prison populations rose at a record clip, budget shortfalls notwithstanding.
So history suggests that dollars have never been the single motivating factor in prison policies. Rather, some policymakers are stepping back to evaluate corrections systems, finding that there is a better way to achieve public safety that is supported by opinion leaders and public opinion alike.
In state after state, research has called into question the effectiveness of imprisonment and supported the use of treatment and other alternatives to incarceration -- and policymakers have taken notice.
After the Washington State Institute for Public Policy found that certain treatment options reduced rearrests and yielded better public safety outcomes than prison, officials there enacted legislation diverting offenders from prison into treatment.
The reforms saved the state $50 million over two years, $8 million of which was spent to expand treatment options. Joe Lehman, Washington state's corrections secretary, stated, "It's not just about money, it's about informing our sentencing policies with what we know from research works in mitigating the risk of offenders and enhancing community safety."
In support of his drug offender diversion bill, Ray Allen, the conservative chair of Texas' House Corrections Committee, quoted Rand Corp. findings showing that, for every dollar spent on treatment, the state would save between $1.50 and $2. "Treatment works," Allen flatly told the Fort Worth Star Telegram. Allen's bill, signed into law by Gov. Rick Perry in June, will divert 2,500 would-be inmates from prison into treatment.
Some policymakers have also expressed dismay about the unintended consequences of laws passed during the tough-on-crime hysteria of the past two decades. That dismay has also helped fuel the reforms.
For example, Michigan's former governor, William G. Milliken, urged in September 2002 that the mandatory sentencing bill he signed into law in 1978 be repealed. "I have since come to realize that the provisions of the law have led to terrible injustices and that signing it was a mistake -- an overly punishing and cruel response that gave no discretion to a sentencing judge, even for extenuating circumstances," he wrote in an op-ed for the Detroit News.
Three months later, Michigan's Republican governor, John Engler, signed a law, passed by the state's Republican-controlled legislature, that eliminated most of Michigan's mandatory sentences and returned discretion over sentencing to judges.
The reforms were also backed not only by Families Against Mandatory Minimums but also by such diverse bedfellows as the Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan.
In New York, former state senator John Dunne, a Republican and a key supporter of New York's harsh Rockefeller Drug Laws, now chairs the Campaign for Effective Criminal Justice, which is devoted to repealing the same laws.
Support for reforms is not limited to the states. At this year's American Bar Association (ABA) conference, Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy spoke passionately of the "inadequacies and injustices in our corrections system."
The Reagan appointee declared in August, "Our resources are misspent, our punishments too severe, our sentences too long." As a result of Kennedy's speech, ABA president-elect Dennis Archer established the "Kennedy Commission" to examine America's penal policies, making sentencing reform a major focus of the nation's largest legal association.
Public support for the reforms is a logical extension of the public's waning appetite for punishment as crime has declined. An ABC News poll last year found that nine in 10 Americans favor treatment programs over prison for first-time drug offenders, while a Parade Magazine survey, also last year, revealed that 88 percent of Americans feel that people convicted of nonviolent crimes should be sentenced to community service instead of prison. While 42 percent of respondents to a 1994 Gallup poll thought that the best approach to crime control was increasing funding for law enforcement and prisons, only 29 percent of respondents to a Hart and Associates poll felt that way in December 2001.
Not every state is implementing smart prison reforms, of course. In several, there has been talk of change, but it has stalled. New York's legislature and governor have agreed that the Rockefeller Drug Laws, which mandate life sentences for even first-time drug offenders, should be amended. But they have yet to agree on an approach, leaving the laws untouched since the 1970s.
In Maryland, Republican Gov. Robert Ehrlich has said that we must "work together to get nonviolent drug offenders out of jail and into treatment programs, where they belong."
Despite this, and despite having expanded treatment inside prisons, this year, Ehrlich enacted the largest prison construction increase in a decade and has offered no proposals to reduce his state's prison population, which has tripled since 1980.
In Massachusetts, the business-backed Massachusetts Taxpayer's Foundation this month released a study complaining that the famously liberal state is spending more on prisons than on higher education for the first time in 35 years. Still, there is no relief in sight for that state's mushrooming prison budget.
As is so often the case, the many state reforms have not been matched at the federal level. In September, Attorney General John Ashcroft ordered his prosecutors to seek the most serious possible charges on almost all federal cases. Ironically, his home state of Missouri passed legislation earlier this year that will divert 1,300 offenders from prison into community supervision.
Despite notable progress, we have far to go if we are truly to curb our imprisonment binge. In the final analysis, Justice Kennedy is right: It's time to forge a new consensus on prison policies. In other words, having proven we can be tough on crime, we must now show we can be smart on crime as well.
By Vincent Schiraldi posted 5 December 03
Author's e-mail: vschiraldi@aol.com
Vincent Schiraldi is executive director of the Washington-based Justice Policy Institute.
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